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In the past year Amnesty International has received allegations of torture in El Salvador on two occasions 9 minecraft bacteria mod order online keflex, July 1972 and February 1973 antibiotics making me tired purchase 750 mg keflex amex, when a considerable number of students quinolone antibiotic resistance purchase keflex online, workers and teachers were arrested for political reasons antibiotics for acne review cheap keflex 750 mg otc. Private sources and newspapers report that the torture took place immediately after arrest in order to extract confessions, and was carried out by-the Guardia Nacional. Amnesty appealed to the President to make an impartial investigation but has had no information on the result. Furthcr allegations of torture of members of the Christian Democrat Party led the Congress of El Salvador, in June 1973, to vote for a parliamentary investigation into the methods used by police during interrogation. Honduras Amnesty has received no specific allegations of torture in Honduras but we have been informed that brutal treatment is common aftcr arrest. Central America Costa Rica Costa Rica has a good reputation in the field of human rights and is the. Panama the most serious allegations of torture in Panama date from before 1970, when some prisoners arc alleged to have died in detention in the penitentiary island of Coiba and in the Career Modelo in Panama. The official version of their death as accidental conflicts with statements made by fellow prisoners zuld press. It is also alleged that police were involved in the disappearance in 1971 of a young Colombian priest working among peasants in Panama. El Salvador Amnesty International has little documented information on the existence of torture in the Central American republics, El Salvador, Honduras and Panama. However, from the allegations received it appears that brutality and maltreatment are more common than systematic and refined methods of torture. Some allegations resemble those received from Guatemala and Nicaragua (see below), such as disappearances and assassinations for political reasons. The disposal of bodies by throwing them into the sea or into the craters of the volcanoes is a recurrent allegation in Guatemala. In Nicaragua a statement in 1967 indicates this Guatemala For many years, the characteristic feature of Guatemalan political life has been the large number of disappearances of Guatemalan citizens. Amnesty International has an incom- 222 A innesty International report on torture World survey of torture 223 plete list of over 300 persons who were reported to have disappeared over a period of 18 months. The information comcs from the national and international press, universities and trade-union organisations and privaie sources. Dead bodies have been found regularly by the roadside, in deep ravines, or near volcanoes. It is alleged that the bodies are transported by helicopter and thrown into the sea or the crater of thc volcanoes, sometimes missing the target. It is invariably reported in the Guatemalan press that they show signs of having been tortured and mutilated before death. It is not known whether the victims arc interrogated before being killed or whether the torture forms part of the assassination. There are strong indications that these abductions are made by terrorist groups of a Death Squad type, including off-duty policemen and military elements among their members. However, the practice has reached such proportions that the victim may be anyone with known or suspected left-wing sympathies, or even petty criminals. This practice can be seen as a consequence of the massive anti-guerrilla operations of the 1960s led by thc Colonel who later became President of Guatemala. The uncurbed rate of disappearance points to tacit governmental approval and thc unofficial involvement of the authorities. The government denies responsibility, and claims that the assassinations arc the work of rival gangs. When people disappear, the official explanation is that thcy have secretly left the country on thcir own initiative. Investigations ordered by the authorities have, as far as is known, never led to any definitive statements. Nicaragua In 1968 an Amnesty delegate wrote a report on the treatment of prisoners in Nicaragua that was presented to the International Conference on Torture, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment held in Stockholm the same year.
Special units are used not only in situations of war bacteria zapper for face keflex 250mg, in an occupied territory: thc case of Vietnam is referred to in this Report treatment for uti while breastfeeding cheap 750mg keflex visa. The practice has also been applied in countries which are not at war and which antimicrobial yoga pant keflex 500mg mastercard, in some cases antibiotic lyme disease buy keflex with paypal, have no broadly based domestic insurgencies to cope with. For instance, in Uruguay, Brazil, Indonesia, Greece and Turkey, the military are torturing civilians for reasons of domestic politics. This development reflects the growing involvement of thc military in politics, and the increasing number of military regimes, as well as the development of various counterinsurgency theories by military experts. Allegations of ill-treatment and brutality, amounting to torture, have been made against several opposition movements which use violence and, from time to time, hold prisoners or hostages. In such confrontation between the forces of the government and the forces of the opposition, the individual remains totally unprotected. Certain indications have emerged from this study as to the situations where torture is likely to occur. For instance, it is misleading to suggest that poverty causes and wealth prevents torture. Thc legal situation - the observance or the disregard of the due processes of law - appears to be more directly relevant. Special powers acts; martial law; state of siege or of exception: wherever the rule of law has been suspended, the torturer finds it easy to move in. When the citizen has a free access to habeas corpus, to legal aid, to a free press, he is better protected. Experimental psychiatric and psychological evidence points to the fact that the potential to torture is present in man, and that only institutional, legal or religious restraints put on him provide assurance that this potential will not be used. The decision, on the other hand, by the state to use the potential has frequently been accompanied by campaigns aimed to isolate a group of individuals and put them firmly beyond the pale of humanity. The ideological conflicts of the 242 Amnesty International report on torture twentieth century have facilitated such campaigns. It is therefore the suspension of the rule of law, often accompanied by putting a specific group of individuals beyond the limits of a society, which seems to create the matrix for the growth of torture. It is directly linked to politics, as governments may see the use of torture as necessary for their survival. Though a state may admit that it holds political prisoners, it will never admit that it uses torture. The confrontation between the individual and the limitless power of the state, between the torturer and his victim, takes place in the darkest recess of political power. So far, little attempt has been made to define, and finally to eradicate, the use of torture. The main purpose of this Rcport is to contribute to public awareness and increase resistance to the practice of torture. We have noted that national remedies, whenever they are available, can be effective. In international law, the doctrine of individual responsibility was firmly laid down a long time ago, at Nuremberg. Now the international community has to try to work out effective remedies for the prevention of torture. Anxiety and Stress: An Interdisciplinary Study of a Life Situation, New York, 1955. Ilelsesvila en senfolge av krig of katastrofe, stencilled report, 1969, translated into English at the request of the Norw. Drawing on the full extent of Amnesty International re3earch material, it examines all the existing evidence on torture as an instrument of government, the circumstances in which torture flourishes, and the reasons for, and the results of, its use. A major section deals with international and domestic legal safeguards and remedies against torture and their relative importance for its prevention and abolition. Its overall conclusion is that torture, now used not only for extracting information but as a method of political control, is a world-wide phenomenon which is on the increase. Condition Description: A red blood cell disorder characterized by a lack of normal beta globin production and absence of Hb A (F [fetal Hb] only). You Should Take the Following Actions · Contact the family to inform them of the screening result. Clinical Considerations: Newborn infants with this finding are usually normal, but severe anemia may develop in the first few months of life.
Fetuses should be left undisturbed in the uterus for 15 to 20 minutes after the bitch or queen has been confirmed dead antibiotic 8 months baby cheap 250mg keflex mastercard. This guidance is also generally applicable to nonmammalian species antibiotics reduce bacterial biodiversity buy cheap keflex 250 mg on-line, with euthanasia of eggs per guidance provided in the S5 bacteria shapes and arrangements 750 mg keflex amex, Avians; S6 antibiotic resistance lab activity keflex 750mg discount, Finfish and Aquatic Invertebrates; and S7 Zoologic and Free-Ranging Nondomestic Animals sections of the Guidelines. Intraperitoneal injections of pentobarbital should be avoided whenever possible during the later stages of pregnancy due to the likelihood of inadvertently entering the uterus, rendering the injection ineffective. Altricial neonatal and preweanling mammals are relatively resistant to euthanasia methods that rely on hypoxia as their mode of action. Intraosseous injection may also be used, if strategies are used to minimize discomfort from injection by using intraosseous catheters that may be in place (see Section M2, Noninhaled Agents, of the Guidelines), or if the animal is anesthetized prior to injection. During ovariohysterectomy of pregnant dogs and cats and small mammals with altricial neonates, ligation of the uterine blood vessels with retention of the fetuses inside the uterus will result in death of the fetuses. The resistance of altricial neonates (eg, cats, dogs, mice, rats) to euthanasia methods whose mechanisms rely on hypoxia suggests that the uterus should not be opened for substantially longer periods than for precocial neonates,24 perhaps 1 hour or longer. Alternatively, general anesthesia may be induced, followed by administration of a euthanasia agent. Indications for euthanasia in breeding facilities include neonates with congenital defects, acquired abnormalities or diseases within any segment of the population, or other conditions that render animals unsuitable for breeding or sale. Euthanasia method is determined by animal species, size, age, and number of animals to be euthanized. Carbon dioxide euthanasia is commonly utilized for individual or group euthanasia of small animals, including ferrets, rodents, and rabbits. Regardless of method and number of animals being euthanized, procedures must be performed in a professional, compassionate manner by trained individuals under veterinary oversight. Appropriate techniques for assuring death must be applied individually, regardless of the number of animals being euthanized. When euthanizing animals that are well socialized without pre-euthanasia sedation or anesthesia, appropriate handling usually involves 2 trained people. One individual restrains the animal and the other administers the euthanasia agent. After administration of the sedative or anesthetic, the animal is released so that it can return to a comfortable low-stress location (eg, dimly lighted cage or area) while the drug takes effect. The application of such adjunctive methods is acceptable when the animal is fully anesthetized. Animals used in infectious disease studies may require special handling for animal and human health and safety. Scientific and husbandry staff form strong emotional bonds with companion animals in scientific settings, so sensitivity to grief and compassion fatigue is necessary. S2 Laboratory Animals Methods acceptable with conditions are equivalent to acceptable methods when all criteria for application of a method can be met. All activities related to the euthanasia of rodents deserve consideration equivalent to the euthanasia method itself, and may factor into the choice of method. Activities that contribute to distress in rodents include transport, handling (in animals not accustomed to it), disruption of compatible groups, and elimination of established scent marks. Methods of euthanasia likely to elicit distress vocalizations or pheromones that other animals in the room could hear or smell may be best performed in another location, if transportation distress can be minimized. Similarly, wild-caught animals should be handled and euthanized in the manner least stressful to the animals. Death should be confirmed by physical examination, ensured by adjunctive physical method, or obviated by validation of euthanasia chambers and process. Some other commonly used laboratory animal species are addressed later in the text. Most laboratory mammals currently used in biomedical research are small rodents that are maintained in large numbers. In addition to humane outcomes, an important consideration in the choice of method for euthanasia of laboratory animals is the research objectives for the animals being euthanized.
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Interventions to increase latrine use and handwashing have met with success mainly in controlled experimental settings (Briscoe and Aboud 2012); they have been less successful when implemented at the community level (Huda and others 2012; Hutton and Chase antibiotic pronunciation purchase generic keflex line, forthcoming; Luby and others 2008) antimicrobial 2008 keflex 500mg with mastercard. Development-Sensitive Interventions Maternal Nutrition Strategies to address the growing number of premature births (Lawn and others 2014) have not yet been identified antibiotic essentials 2015 discount keflex 250 mg on-line. Raising birth weights by providing supplements to pregnant women has received mixed reviews antibiotic resistance kanamycin cheap keflex 250 mg without a prescription. Iron and folic acid supplementation are clearly beneficial, the latter in reducing neural tube defects that result in mental development impairments. However, a large study in Bangladesh examined the effects of a daily energy-protein supplement starting either in the first trimester or later in the second trimester, and the effects of an additional 13 micronutrients, compared with the usual iron and folic acid (Persson and others 2012). Gestational age with a mean of 39 weeks was similar across groups, indicating that prematurity was not affected. Infant mortality was lowest among children whose mothers received multiple micronutrients and started energy-protein supplements early. Many scientists conclude that providing nutrition supplements during pregnancy is too late to significantly benefit birth outcomes and mental development, and that maternal nutritional status at conception is critical. More attention needs to be given to nutrition among children and adolescent girls. Iodine is so important for reproductive and mental development that governments legislate the fortification of salt for general use. Interventions designed to study the effects of iodine on mental development in iodine-deficient areas typically randomize pregnant women to receive capsules that provide sufficient iodine for one year. Iodine provided during pregnancy was more beneficial than iodine supplementation given to children after birth. Another strategy is to provide the lactating mother with iodine supplements; this indirect supplementation maintained healthy urine and serum levels in the infant better than direct supplementation of the infant (Bouhouch and others 2014). An important test is whether iodine delivered through salt in the diets of mothers and children improves the mental development of children. However, iodized salt had a consistently small but positive effect on the mental development scores of children under age 24 months in Ethiopia (Bougma and others 2014). Maternal Mental Health Integrated packages supporting mothers and children are receiving increasing attention (Tomlinson and others 2014). The postnatal period up to 24 months after birth might be a suitable time to address maternal depression along with child feeding and stimulation practices. In Pakistan, the Thinking Healthy program was developed using principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, although it also includes elements of interpersonal therapy. In Pakistan, community health workers were trained in a structured form of dialogue that covered empathic listening, family engagement, guided discovery using pictures, behavioral activation, and problem solving. The integration of the Thinking Healthy program in a community-based maternal and child health service resulted in significant reduction of maternal depression in Pakistan. Additional positive benefits in the intervention group were lower rates of infant and young child diarrheal illness, higher rates of young child immunization, higher reported use of contraceptives among women, and increased parental time spent playing with their young children (Rahman and others 2008). It is reasonable that countries with a high Very Early Childhood Development 253 prevalence of maternal depression should implement preventive programs for all women by combining risk-reducing skills for depression with child stimulation and nutrition skills. Many of the interventions discussed in this chapter are cost-effective and cost information is available (further detail can be found in chapter 17 in this volume, Horton and Levin 2016). This section focuses on literature not covered elsewhere specific to psychosocial stimulation and maternal depression. Generally, cost analyses are more readily available on the benefits of preschool programs for children ages three years and older (Engle and others 2011); less information is available on the costs of early stimulation interventions for children younger than age two years. There may be several reasons for the meager available data on costs for early stimualtion interventions; for example, Alderman and others (2014) highlight the many challenges in calculating cost-benefits of health and nutrition services with integrated early stimulation, including synergies between the fixed costs (existing costs linked to service delivery) and the additional costs of implementing the new intervention. One challenge is that the follow-up is short, and outcomes do not focus on productivity. One short-term cost-effectiveness analysis compared the costs and benefits of a nutrition education-plussupplement package with one that counseled psychosocial stimulation (Gowani and others 2014). More psychosocial stimulation intervention studies need to conduct cost analyses, as do programs that combine nutrition and hygiene with stimulation and maternal mental health.
Since that time bacteria 4 generic keflex 750mg on-line, research and development on the classification had followed a number of paths virus spreading 250mg keflex with mastercard. The major definitions of the three elements impairment virus test purchase keflex online pills, disability and handicap had undoubtedly been instrumental in changing attitudes to disablement antibiotics for uti first trimester effective keflex 250mg. It was stated that the publication of a new version was unlikely before implementation of the 10th revision. The classification had been adopted by a few countries and was used as a basis for national classifications of surgical operations by a number of other countries. In response to this request and the needs expressed by a number of countries, an attempt had been made by the Secretariat to prepare a tabulation list for procedures. The aim of the list was to identify procedures and groups of procedures and define them as a basis for the development of national classifications, thereby improving the comparability of such classifications. The conference agreed that such a list was of value and that work should continue on its development, even though any publication would follow the implementation of the 10th revision. The main criteria for selection of that name were that it should be specific, unambiguous, as self-descriptive and simple as possible, and based on cause wherever feasible. Each disease or syndrome for which a name was recommended was defined as unambiguously and as briefly as possible. At the time of the conference, volumes had been published on diseases of the lower respiratory tract, infectious diseases (viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases and mycoses) and cardiac and vascular diseases, and work was under way on volumes for the digestive system, female genital system, urinary and male genital system, metabolic and endocrine diseases, blood and bloodforming organs, immunological system, musculoskeletal system and nervous system. Subjects proposed for future volumes included psychiatric diseases, as well as diseases of the skin, ear, nose and throat, and eye and adnexa. It would also contain all related definitions, standards, rules and instructions and a shortened alphabetical index. With respect to the physical appearance of the pages and type formats for both the tabular list and the alphabetical index, the conference was assured that recommendations from the centre heads and complaints from coders would be considered, and every attempt made to improve those aspects as compared with the ninth revision. As with the ninth revision, it was intended to develop materials for the reorientation of trained coders, with the help of the collaborating centres. They would be carried out from late 1991 to the end of 1992, to finish before the implementation of the 10th revision. In future, with the assistance of the collaborating centres, other software might also be made available. A key for conversion from the ninth to the 10th revision, and the reverse, should be available before the implementation of the 10th revision. Various suggestions for mechanisms to overcome these difficulties and avoid similar problems with respect to the 10th revision were discussed. It was agreed that it would not be feasible to hold revision conferences more frequently than every 10 years. Recognizing the need for a few further minor modifications to reflect the comments on points of detail submitted by Member States during the conference, References 1. Report of the expert committee on the international classification of diseases 10th revision: first meeting. Report of the expert committee on the international classification of diseases 10th revision: second meeting. Early congenital syphilis: · cutaneous · mucocutaneous · visceral Early congenital syphilitic: · laryngitis · oculopathy · osteochondropathy · pharyngitis · pneumonia · rhinitis Early congenital syphilis, latent Congenital syphilis without clinical manifestations, with positive serological reaction and negative spinal fluid test, less than two years after birth. Late congenital syphilitic oculopathy Late congenital syphilitic interstitial keratitis (H19. It is one disease entity with different clinical presentations and often with unpredictable clinical evolution and outcome. Most patients recover following a self-limiting non-severe clinical course like nausea, vomiting, rash, aches and pains, but a small proportion progress to severe disease, mostly characterized by plasma leakage with or without haemorrhage, although severe haemorrhages or severe organ impairment can occur, with or without dengue shock. Other signs can include: persistent vomiting, visible fluid accumulation, liver enlargement more than 2 cm. Most of the causal fungi are normally saprophytic in soil and decaying vegetation. For use of these categories, reference should be made to the morbidity or mortality coding rules and guidelines in Volume 2.
