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Source for lactose Lactose is synthesized in mammary gland and hence it occurs in milk acne leather jacket buy 30gm acticin with amex. The anomeric carbon of glucose and anomeric carbon of fructose are involved in glycosidic linkage acne scar laser treatment discount acticin online master card. Sucrose is a non reducing sugar because both the functional groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic linkage skin care reddit quality acticin 30 gm. Source of sucrose Ripe fruit juices like pineapple skin care essentials buy cheap acticin, sugar cane, juice and honey are rich sources for sucrose. This change in optical rotation from dextro to levo when sucrose is hydrolysed is called as inversion. The change in optical rotation on hydrolysis is because of fructose which is more levo rotatory than dextro rotatory glucose. Cellobiose It also contains two glucose units but they are joined in (14) linkage. Oligosaccharide chains are also found in glycoproteins where they have important functions. Oligosaccharides are also important constituents of glycolipids present in cell membrane. Classification of Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are classified on the basis of the type of monosaccharide present. The two classes of polysaccharides are homo-polysaccharides and hetero-polysaccharides. Homopolysaccharides Important homopoly-saccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, dextran and inulin and chitin. In the linear portion of amylopectin (14) glycosidic linkage exist between glucose units whereas (16) glycosidic linkage exist at branch points between glucose residues. Amylose has helical coiled secondary structure and usually 6 glucose residue make one turn. Because of branching secondary structure of amylopectin is a random coil structure. It is also called as storage polysaccharide because it serve as reserve food material in plants. It is present in food grains, tubers and roots like rice, wheat, potato and vegetables. However, the number of branches in glycogen molecule is much more than amylopectin. It has linear chain of glucose residues, which are linked by (14) glycosidic linkage. The linear chains are arranged side by side and hydrogen bonding between adjacent stands stabilizes the structure. In the linear part, glucose units are linked by (16) glycosidic bond and (13) glycosidic linkage is present between glucose unit at branch points. It is an important structural polysaccharide of invertebrates like crabs, lobster and insects. The mucopolysaccharides combines with proteins like collagen and elastin and forms extracellular medium or ground substance of connective tissue. Mucopolysaccharides are also components of extracellular matrix of bone, cartilage and tendons. As the age advances hyaluronic acid is replaced by-dermatan sulfate in synovial fluid. Dermatan sulfate is not a good lubricant, hence age related pains develop in old people. In young people, vitreous is clear elastic gel in which hyaluronic acid is associated with collagen. As the age advances the elasticity of vitreous is reduced due to decreased association between collagen and hyaluronic acid. In the initial phase of wound healing (repair), hyaluronic acid concentration increases many fold at the wound site.
While thrombosis is characterised by events that essentially involve activation of platelets skin care questionnaire cheap 30gm acticin otc, the process of clotting involves only conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble polymerised fibrin acne 9 year old purchase acticin 30gm fast delivery. Haemostatic plugs are the blood clots formed in healthy individuals at the site of bleeding acne 9 weeks pregnant discount acticin 30gm online. Thrombi developing in the unruptured cardiovascular system may be life-threatening by causing one of the following harmful effects: 1 skin care professionals buy genuine acticin online. Ischaemic injury Thrombi may decrease or stop the blood supply to part of an organ or tissue and cause ischaemia which may subsequently result in infarction. Thromboembolism Thrombus or its part may get dislodged and be carried along in the bloodstream as embolus to lodge in a distant vessel. However, injury to the blood vessel initiates haemostatic repair mechanism or thrombogenesis. To this are added the activation processes that follow these primary events: activation of platelets and of clotting system. An intact endothelium has the following functions: i) It protects the flowing blood from thrombogenic influence of subendothelium. General Pathology Section I ii) It elaborates a few anti-thrombotic factors (thrombosis inhibitory factors). Heparin-like substance, thrombomodulin, inhibitors of platelet aggregation, tissue plasminogen activator. The coagulation system is involved in both haemostatic process and thrombus formation. Regulation of coagulation system Normally, the blood is kept in fluid state and the coagulation system is kept in check by controlling mechanisms. These conditions may be hereditary (or primary) or acquired (or secondary) causes. Hereditary(Primary)factors these include deficiency or mutation of some factors. They are more common in the atrial appendages, especially of the right atrium, and on mitral and aortic valves such as vegetations seen in infective endocarditis and non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Mixed or laminated thrombi are also common and consist of alternate white and red layers called lines of Zahn. The lines of Zahn are formed by alternate layers of light-staining aggregated platelets admixed with fibrin meshwork and darkstaining layer of red cells. Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) appear and begin to phagocytose fibrin and cell debris. Dependinguponthesourceoftheemboli: i) Cardiac emboli ii) Arterial emboli iii) Venous emboli iv) Lymphatic emboli. Dependingupontheflowofblood, two special types of emboli are mentioned: i) Paradoxical embolus An embolus which is carried from the venous side of circulation to the arterial side or vice versa, is called paradoxical or crossed embolus. Causeswithintheheart (80-85%): these are mural thrombi in the left atrium or left ventricle, vegetations on the mitral or aortic valves, prosthetic heart valves and cardiomyopathy. Causes within the arteries: these include emboli developing in relation to atherosclerotic plaques, aortic aneurysms, pulmonary veins and paradoxical arterial emboli from the systemic venous circulation. The effects of arterial emboli depend upon their size, site of lodgement, and adequacy of collateral circulation. If the vascular occlusion occurs, the following ill-effects may result: 61 Chapter 4 Derangements of Homeostasis and Haemodynamics 62 Section I General Pathology i) Infarction of the organ or its affected part. The most significant effect of venous embolism is obstruction of pulmonary arterial circulation leading to pulmonary embolism. In contrast, pulmonary thrombosis is uncommon and may occur in pulmonary atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. The causes are as follows: i) Thrombi originating from large veins of lower legs (such as popliteal, femoral and iliac) are the cause in 95% of pulmonary emboli. If the thrombus is large, it is impacted at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery (saddleembolus), or may be found in the right ventricle or its outflow tract.
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