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The obvious extrapolation to be made is that pooling of risks reduces the risk per insured lb 95 medications purchase magnesium 200 mg with mastercard, as long as these risks are not perfectly correlated medicine zebra order magnesium 200 mg online. This principle is apparent in all the instances of insurance practices described below 20 medications that cause memory loss purchase magnesium cheap. Insurance policies utilize the law of large numbers to reduce uncertainty for risk-averse individuals symptoms diverticulitis order 200mg magnesium free shipping. The first step in that process is risk transfer, by which the risk of a certain event is shifted from one party to another. Thus premiums offered by an insurer equal the value of the risk of loss, plus administrative fees and profit to the insurer. Insureds are willing to pay the excess over the value of the risk due to their risk aversion. For example, even companies which may be large enough to not be considered risk averse at all, indeed large enough to be able to buy the insurance company, purchase insurance coverage. Insurance arrangements are somewhat unique in that the risk to be transferred is explicitly recognized by the arrangement-i. For example, derivative financial instruments are tied to particular risks, such as changes in value of securities or commodities or even weather events. The expected rate of return for investments affects the premium that an insurance company needs to charge to maintain its margins. In a way, all other functions of the insurer rely on its ability to gather data about the risks it intends to insure, including the frequency, severity, and variance thereof, and to translate that data into policies and premiums. This is why, as will be discussed below, the insurance industry is given some immunity from federal antitrust laws. Another explanation for why corporate entities purchase insurance policies is the cheap claim-handling service provided by insurers, particularly with regard to legal liability of corporations and healthinsurance coverage for their employees. The insurance company saves the corporation administrative costs associated with receiving, processing, negotiating, and paying out claims. Insurance policies are thus an implicit party of nearly all commercial interactions because parties can rely on insurance to cover innumerable risks that would, if they had to be hedged in each and every contract, add tremendous negotiation costs to every contract. In addition, the existence of insurance reduces the need for and the cost of litigation in the commercial context, which also reduces the costs parties If the company is publicly held, then the true bearers of the risk, the stockholders, have also spread out their own risk by owning a diversified portfolio. By reducing these costs, insurance plays an essential role in facilitating trade and commerce. Insurance companies have the institutional expertise and knowledge to suggest and implement cost-effective preventative measures. The chance of a fire destroying the property in a given year is 1%, which means the expected loss for that year is $10,000 and the insurance premium must be at least slightly more than that amount. Now, assume that by installing a sprinkler system, the risk of a fire destroying the property is cut in half, meaning the premium to be paid is likely to be reduced to (slightly more than) $5,000. If installing and maintaining the sprinkler system will cost less than $5,000 per year, and its installation can be easily verified by the insurer, the property owner has every incentive to invest in the sprinkler system-a "loss control"-which reduces the risk of the loss in return for a discounted premium. The problem, however, is knowing which steps to take, something that insurance companies are often experts at. Furthermore, as will be explained below, in some contexts an entity on the verge of bankruptcy, without insurance, may have only minimal incentive to take care, as it has nothing to lose. Insurance has some socially beneficial functions which go beyond benefiting the direct parties to the insurance contract. One such function served by compulsory insurance companies is gatekeeping, which is accomplished in many of the most important sectors of modern economies. Automobile insurance is required to drive a car; homeowners insurance is often required to obtain a mortgage; and business owners insurance is often required to take out a commercial loan. Insurers provide a way to screen and filter individuals before they are permitted to undertake important, but potentially socially harmful activities, thus serving effectively as quasiregulators. For instance, if a person has been in too many accidents for any insurance company to offer him an automobile policy, the result is that he cannot buy insurance and thus legally cannot drive a car. This keeps society safer, at least as long as he does not drive without carrying insurance. The gatekeeping function, however, may not be a social benefit if the insurance industry acts inefficiently or considers factors-such as race, gender, or nationality-that society views as inappropriate for determining insurability. For example, as of August 2006, only a year after the disaster, insurers had already paid $17.
Since Moratuwa is in the boundary of the Kaluthara district which is a high rain fall region non edible yams can be cultivated in this low populated Dry cow dung treatment renal cell carcinoma magnesium 200mg with amex, wheat flour and paper pulp are possible binders and dry cow dung was not suitable for it symptoms 7 days after conception order magnesium mastercard. So medicine 44175 purchase cheap magnesium, initial establishment of raw material supply such as paper waste and starch substitute will need to be addressed for commercial level production symptoms 9dpo generic magnesium 200mg free shipping. Sahin, "Evaluation of Biomass Residue 1- Briquetting Waste Paper and Wheat Straw Mixtures", Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. Morey, "Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products", Bio mass and Bio energy, Vol. Viar, "Feasibility study of energy use for densificated lignocellulosic material (briquettes)", Fuel, Vol. Abdul Salam, "Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Sri Lanka", Bio mass and Bio energy, Vol. Sturdнk, "Chemical composition and nutritional quality of wheat grain", Acta Chimica Slovaca, Vol. Jayaratna, "Resource Potential of Sawdust and its Spatial Distribution in the Kandy district, July 2002, Integrated Development Association, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Morey, "Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switch grass", Bioresource Technology, Vol. Chung, "Unified theory and guidelines on adhesion", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. Thek, the Pellet Handbook, the Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets, earthscan, 2010. Bagci, "Influence of coal briquette size on the combustion kinetics", Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. Singh, "Equilibrium moisture content of biomass briquettes", Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. Moran, "Fuel lignocellulosic briquettes, die design and products study", Renewable Energy, Vol. Chuen-Shii Chou, Sheau-Horng Lin, Chun-Chieh Peng, Wen-Chung Lu, "The optimum conditions for preparing solid fuel briquette of rice straw by a piston-mold process using the Taguchi method", Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. Grochowicz, "Effect of the moisture content on compression energy and strength characteristic of lupine briquettes" Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. Considering the "Security" of our daily life, this paper proposes architecture for physical intruder detecting and playing safety alarm system. In our application design, there is a web cam, which is connected to a client application program. The client application program always informs the server about any kind of bugler attack. The proposed architecture only uses are regularly used devices or easily available devices and added another services to us. Whenever a motion of objects is detected in any client then client will send an appropriate signal to server. Server will save the data to keep the track and at the same time server will send to all clients this message. The architecture can be used in bank security, home security, office space or sophisticated device security. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Existing Work Considering our country, we use basically key-lock system, which is defends on mechanical technology and has no proper safety. Whenever any kind of motion is detected, detected motion is treated as a bugler attack, a signal is sent to server as sign of change of environment. Then server processes the signal and sends a signal to all clients to play the alarm services. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmer (palm) or digits (fingers and toes) or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await (listen to) incoming requests. When used alone, the term typically refers to a computer which may be running a server operating system, but is also used to refer to any software or dedicated hardware capable of providing services.
Tests for Bactericidal Effects of Antimicrobial Agents: Technical Performance and Clinical Relevance treatment for depression cheap generic magnesium uk. The research data provides basis for developing the plant products into useful drug that may yet resolve issues on drug resistance medications for depression order generic magnesium online. Activity of saponin fraction from Anisopus manni against some pathogenic microorganisms medicine tour purchase magnesium us. The potential of aqueous and acetone extract of galls and Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents medicine pacifier cheap magnesium 200mg amex. Essential Oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods - A Review. Status, invasiveness and environmental threats of three tropical American invasive weeds (Parthenium hysterophorus L. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Lantana camara L. Screening of antibacterial extracts from plants native to the Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest and Atlantic Forest. Antibacterial Activity of and Comparative Phytochemicals Analysis of Flower and Leaves of Lantana camara. High quality antenatal care is a fundamental right for women to safeguard their health, help women maintain normal pregnancies and reduce the rate of maternal morbidity and mortality. The rural areas are characterized by shortage in physical and human resources such as physicians, nurses, and specialists. Methodology: An interview sheet to assess the pregnant women satisfaction was used containing five parts. A sample of (420) pregnant women who attended at least two visits for antenatal care were selected randomly from fourteen (14) rural health units at Tanta city. Conclusion: More than one half of the pregnant women had moderate satisfaction score with antenatal care services provided at rural health units. Recommendations: Ministry of Health and Population should pay more attention to the rural health units in order to promote the antenatal care services through providing the necessary resources. Applying of health education sessions for all pregnant women is intensively recommended. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of quality in the delivery of health care, defined by the criteria of effectiveness, cost and social acceptability. Providing good quality health care is of critical importance for the future economic and social well-being of any country. An increase in the quality of health care can result in increased patient satisfaction. It is important to assess certain dimensions of quality in relation to structure, process, and outcome. Health outcomes can be grouped into four categories: health status, health-related knowledge, health-related behavior, and satisfaction with the care. Satisfaction with care describes how satisfied consumers are with their overall experience with care provided by the agency or plan. The World Health Organization reported that health care is still characterized by the following defects: uneven coverage and quality of services; inaccessibility of services, particularly for the under-privileged and rural communities in many countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In general, the care was more likely to have been performed for urban than for rural births, with particularly low levels found for births in rural Upper Egypt. Because of the poor performance of rural areas, a good health policy should provide the poor with some form of health security, particularly to protect them from paying for catastrophic medical episodes. It was reported that lack and poor quality of antenatal care contribute to maternal deaths. The way in which maternity care is provided is influenced by policies, availability and quality of services, and most importantly, the health-care-seeking behaviours of the women. So, more attention is needed for the pregnant women during antenatal care period especially in the rural health units. Aim of the study: is to assess the satisfaction of rural pregnant women with provided antenatal care. Research question: What is the level of rural pregnant women satisfaction regarding provided antenatal care? The women were also asked about their suggestions for improving the services provided to the pregnant women at the rural health unit.
Cesaro (2000) reported on a case of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a neutropenic patient medications causing thrombocytopenia buy magnesium 200mg without a prescription. After treatment with amphotericin-B treatment irritable bowel syndrome buy magnesium 200mg with mastercard, bone marrow transplantation medications for gout magnesium 200mg on-line, and chemotherapy to treat leukemia symptoms hyperthyroidism buy magnesium 200mg visa, the patient was well at least 3 years after the fungemia incidence. None of the included studies in this review is a traditional population surveillance study. None of the screened studies followed participants who chose to take probiotics or synbiotics, and hence would have been a self-selected intervention group. With the exception of some case studies, all of the included studies were part of a research study investigating the effects of probiotics or synbiotics chosen by the study investigators. We identified no cohort study comparing a group of participants who used probiotics with a group of people who did not. We also did not identify case-control studies that met all our inclusion criteria, that is, studies that identify cases by the outcome and look for potential risk factors, of which taking probiotics might be one. We identified 53 case series, studies that followed a group of participants who were given probiotics or synbiotics. Case series do not compare the results of the treatment sample to a control group, so this evidence is typically classified as observational and limited in its power to allow inferences from observed adverse events to the received intervention. Only 8 large studies (reporting on 100 or more participants) were identified (Bellomo, 1979; Cobo Sanz, 2006; Colecchia, 2006; Di Pierro, 2009; Dughera, 2007; Fukuda, 2008; Gniwotta, 1977; Luoto, 2010). Eight studies reported on 10 or fewer participants (Benchimol, 2004; Berman, 2006; Bruce, 1988; Elmer, 1995; Garrido, 2005; Hensgens, 1976; Malkov, 2006; Reid, 2001; Weiss, 2010). Nineteen of the case series indicated that investigating the safety of the intervention was one of the main aims of the publication (Bibiloni, 2005; Bruni, 2009; Colecchia, 2006; Elmer, 1995; Fukuda, 2008; Gabrielli, 2009; Huynh, 2009; Karimi, 2005; Kitajima, 1997; Lamiki, 2010; Lombardo, 2009; Luoto, 2010; Mego, 2005; Nobuta, 2009; Rosenfeldt V, 2003; Uehara, 2006; Yim, 2006; Zahradnik, 2009). However, almost half of the case series did not report that they assessed adverse events as part of their treatment evaluation, as can be seen in Evidence Table C3, Assessment. Where specified, studies mentioned that they monitored gastrointestinal symptoms or blood chemistry results. To assess any adverse events that may occur during the treatment period, some studies used a patient diary (Barrett, 2008; Bekkali, 2007; Gionchetti, 2007; Huynh, 2009; Lamiki, 2010; Lombardo, 2009; Zahradnik, 2009) or a questionnaire (An, 2010; Barrett, 2008; Cobo Sanz, 2006; Colecchia, 2006; Dughera, 2007; Gruenwald, 2002; Nobuta, 2009), but in most cases, the assessment was done by a health care professional. It was often not clear whether the assessment of adverse events was prompted or whether the health care professionals recorded only adverse events that participants chose to mention. Colechia (2006) reported the use of a published questionnaire (Neri, 2000) for the harms assessment. The measure was designed to discriminate irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal diseases from food allergies; however it also covered drug tolerance. Mego (2005 and 2006) graded toxicity according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (version 2. We also extracted which adverse events were reported on by the authors, regardless of whether the harm occurred or it was reported that no incidence of the harm was found. The most frequently recorded individual adverse event was diarrhea or watery stool (recorded in nine studies); gas, meteorism, or flatulence (nine studies); bloating or fullness (seven studies); abdominal pain or gastralgia (five studies); and nausea (six studies). As described under Key Question 1d, we did not identify conventional population surveillance studies that met our inclusion criteria. In this review, a case series was defined as a study reporting on a single group of participants using probiotics or synbiotics. The majority investigated Lactobacillus strain interventions, mainly alone or in some cases in combination with strains of other genera. Five studies investigated an intervention including Bifidobacterium, four used Saccharomyces, three Enterococcus, two Streptococcus, and two Bacillus organisms. All included genera are indicated in the Evidence Table C4, Results, details of the individual interventions are shown in Evidence Table C2, Intervention. For all case series, we extracted which adverse events were reported in the publication, using the exact wording from the articles. The most frequently reported incidence of an individual symptom across the case series was bloating or fullness (25 participants, recorded in 7 studies) followed by diarrhea or watery stools (22 participants across studies, 16 studies recorded the outcome). Flatulence or gas (20 participants, 9 studies recorded the outcome) and nausea (18 participants, recorded in 13 studies) were also recorded in more than 10 participants. In total, the case series reported 12 deaths across studies, and the outcome was recorded in 3 studies. During the study reported by Carlsson (2009), two dementia patients using Lactobacillus and Lactococcus among other medications died.
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