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One precondition chronic gastritis gastric cancer effective 10 mg reglan, of course gastritis diet �������� order reglan without prescription, is that we are able to define what is valuable and what is not gastritis pronounce discount 10 mg reglan mastercard. For this reason gastritis diet meal plan reglan 10mg lowest price, we shall briefly discuss the concept of "significance" and the way in which the process of valuation and selection is organized in the Netherlands (for more detailed information, see Deeben et al. Value and Valuation the concept of "value" and the qualifiers "valuable" and "valueless" derived from it are by definition clearly relative. Archaeological value does not exist independently; it must be assigned to something. A significance statement is a social construction and can never be absolute or objective. These determinations depend on the way in which the concept of significance is applied, so the dividing line between "valuable" and "valueless" is arbitrary. Two factors have an important influence on significance statements concerning a site or a relic archaeological landscape, that is, the criteria used and the frame of reference applied to measure the results. Rarity, for instance, greatly depends on the geographical scale within which it is assessed. To decide whether something is rare or significant, one needs standards, but each quantitative standard is debatable and should be regarded first of all as something of a heuristic device to facilitate dealing with a certain problem at policy level. What is possible, however, is to base significance determinations on the application of standardized data-collection strategies and a set of explicitly described and verifiable criteria. The Valuation and Selection Process A phased system of valuation is used when sites and relic landscapes are considered important enough to merit protective measures or excavation (Deeben et al. In the first place, a site is judged on a basic level, that is, with respect to its "physical quality. It is important that this part of the evaluation be independent of trends to which both scientific perspectives and public perceptions of the cultural landscape are subject. Because the Dutch landscape is highly cultivated, field monuments are scarce; therefore, it has been decided that all clearly visible field monuments are worth preserving as they stimulate the public appreciation of archaeology and archaeological heritage management. The selection of high-quality sites requires information, and in order to acquire this information, a fixed procedure is followed. Linked to this overview is a prediction concerning the presence of as yet undiscovered sites; expert judgments, as well as predictive modeling, play a part in this process (see below). A field evaluation may consist of intensive coring, digging trial pits, and specialist research, into, for example, the preservation of organic materials. It consists of a large number of parameters: conditions and phenomena which make it possible to assess the physical quality of the archaeological remains. The final result is a valuation: a judgment that makes clear whether or not a site is classified as "worth preserving. This quantitative assessment subsequently lays the foundation for a selection proposal that allows the responsible authorities to decide which sites qualify for legal protection or excavation. The last phase of the selection process involves two main steps: "policy considerations" and choices in the form of "priorities. This process attempts to take account of not only scientific interests but also the social basis for archaeological heritage management. On a national level, four major categories of heritage have been established (Groenewoudt and Bloemers 1997). Predictive Modeling this far we have focused on problems of prospection, as well as the valuation and selection of what little we know. In the next part of this paper, we deal with the unknown part of the archaeological heritage. To rural planners, predictive maps make more sense, and have proven to be more useful, than the traditional archaeological distribution maps. In addition, the use of these maps illustrates the parallel development of academic archaeology and archaeological heritage management.
After the adoption of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence chronic gastritis foods to eat purchase reglan 10 mg without prescription, in urgent cases where the Rules do not provide for a specific situation before the Court gastritis stories buy reglan with paypal, the judges may gastritis symptoms throat purchase 10 mg reglan otc, by a two-thirds majority gastritis caused by diet effective reglan 10 mg, draw up provisional Rules to be applied until adopted, amended or rejected at the next ordinary or special session of the Assembly of States Parties. The Rules of Procedure and Evidence, amendments thereto and any provisional Rule shall be consistent with this Statute. Amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence as well as provisional Rules shall not be applied retroactively to the detriment of the person who is being investigated or prosecuted or who has been convicted. In the event of conflict between the Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, the Statute shall prevail. The judges shall, in accordance with this Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, adopt, by an absolute majority, the Regulations of the Court necessary for its routine functioning. The Prosecutor and the Registrar shall be consulted in the elaboration of the Regulations and any amendments thereto. The Regulations and any amendments thereto shall take effect upon adoption unless otherwise decided by the judges. Immediately upon adoption, they shall be circulated to States Parties for comments. If within six months there are no objections from a majority of States Parties, they shall remain in force. The Prosecutor shall, having evaluated the information made available to him or her, initiate an investigation unless he or she determines that there is no reasonable basis to proceed under this Statute. In deciding whether to initiate an investigation, the Prosecutor shall consider whether: (a) the information available to the Prosecutor provides a reasonable basis to believe that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been or is being committed; (b) the case is or would be admissible under article 17; and (c) Taking into account the gravity of the crime and the interests of victims, there are nonetheless substantial reasons to believe that an investigation would not serve the interests of justice. If the Prosecutor determines that there is no reasonable basis to proceed and his or her determination is based solely on subparagraph (c) above, he or she shall inform the Pre-Trial Chamber. If, upon investigation, the Prosecutor concludes that there is not a sufficient basis for a prosecution because: (a) (b) There is not a sufficient legal or factual basis to seek a warrant or summons under article 58; the case is inadmissible under article 17; or (c) A prosecution is not in the interests of justice, taking into account all the circumstances, including the gravity of the crime, the interests of victims and the age or infirmity of the alleged perpetrator, and his or her role in the alleged crime; the Prosecutor shall inform the Pre-Trial Chamber and the State making a referral under article 14 or the Security Council in a case under article 13, paragraph (b), of his or her conclusion and the reasons for the conclusion. In such a case, the decision of the Prosecutor shall be effective only if confirmed by the Pre-Trial Chamber. The Prosecutor may, at any time, reconsider a decision whether to initiate an investigation or prosecution based on new facts or information. The Prosecutor shall: (a) In order to establish the truth, extend the investigation to cover all facts and evidence relevant to an assessment of whether there is criminal responsibility under this Statute, and, in doing so, investigate incriminating and exonerating circumstances equally; (b) Take appropriate measures to ensure the effective investigation and prosecution of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court, and in doing so, respect the interests and personal circumstances of victims and witnesses, including age, gender as defined in article 7, paragraph 3, and health, and take into account the nature of the crime, in particular where it involves sexual violence, gender violence or violence against children; and (c) (a) (b) (a) (b) Fully respect the rights of persons arising under this Statute. In accordance with the provisions of Part 9; or As authorized by the Pre-Trial Chamber under article 57, paragraph 3 (d). Collect and examine evidence; Request the presence of and question persons being investigated, victims and witnesses; 2. The Prosecutor may: (c) Seek the cooperation of any State or intergovernmental organization or arrangement in accordance with its respective competence and/or mandate; (d) Enter into such arrangements or agreements, not inconsistent with this Statute, as may be necessary to facilitate the cooperation of a State, intergovernmental organization or person; (e) Agree not to disclose, at any stage of the proceedings, documents or information that the Prosecutor obtains on the condition of confidentiality and solely for the purpose of generating new evidence, unless the provider of the information consents; and (f) Take necessary measures, or request that necessary measures be taken, to ensure the confidentiality of information, the protection of any person or the preservation of evidence. In respect of an investigation under this Statute, a person: (a) Shall not be compelled to incriminate himself or herself or to confess guilt; (b) Shall not be subjected to any form of coercion, duress or threat, to torture or to any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; (c) Shall, if questioned in a language other than a language the person fully understands and speaks, have, free of any cost, the assistance of a competent interpreter and such translations as are necessary to meet the requirements of fairness; and (d) Shall not be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention, and shall not be deprived of his or her liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedures as are established in this Statute. The measures referred to in paragraph 1 (b) may include: (a) Making recommendations or orders regarding procedures to be followed; (b) Directing that a record be made of the proceedings; (c) Appointing an expert to assist; (d) Authorizing counsel for a person who has been arrested, or appeared before the Court in response to a summons, to participate, or where there has not yet been such an arrest or appearance or counsel has not been designated, appointing another counsel to attend and represent the interests of the defence; (e) Naming one of its members or, if necessary, another available judge of the Pre-Trial or Trial Division to observe and make recommendations or orders regarding the collection and preservation of evidence and the questioning of persons; Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 363 (f) Taking such other action as may be necessary to collect or preserve evidence. The admissibility of evidence preserved or collected for trial pursuant to this article, or the record thereof, shall be governed at trial by article 69, and given such weight as determined by the Trial Chamber. Unless otherwise provided in this Statute, the Pre-Trial Chamber shall exercise its functions in accordance with the provisions of this article. In addition to its other functions under this Statute, the Pre-Trial Chamber may: (a) At the request of the Prosecutor, issue such orders and warrants as may be required for the purposes of an investigation; (b) Upon the request of a person who has been arrested or has appeared pursuant to a summons under article 58, issue such orders, including measures such as those described in article 56, or seek such cooperation pursuant to Part 9 as may be necessary to assist the person in the preparation of his or her defence; (c) Where necessary, provide for the protection and privacy of victims and witnesses, the preservation of evidence, the protection of persons who have been arrested or appeared in response to a summons, and the protection of national security information; (d) Authorize the Prosecutor to take specific investigative steps within the territory of a State Party without having secured the cooperation of that State under Part 9 if, whenever possible having regard to the views of the State concerned, the Pre-Trial Chamber has determined in that case that the State is clearly unable to execute a request for cooperation due to the unavailability of any authority or any component of its judicial system competent to execute the request for cooperation under Part 9; (e) Where a warrant of arrest or a summons has been issued under article 58, and having due regard to the strength of the evidence and the rights of the parties concerned, as provided for in this Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, seek the cooperation of States pursuant to article 93, paragraph 1 (k), to take protective measures for the purpose of forfeiture, in particular for the ultimate benefit of victims. Issuance by the Pre-trial Chamber of a warrant of arrest or a summons to appear 1. The application of the Prosecutor shall contain: (a) the name of the person and any other relevant identifying information; (b) A specific reference to the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court which the person is alleged to have committed; (c) A concise statement of the facts which are alleged to constitute those crimes; (d) A summary of the evidence and any other information which establish reasonable grounds to believe that the person committed those crimes; and (e) the reason why the Prosecutor believes that the arrest of the person is necessary. The warrant of arrest shall remain in effect until otherwise ordered by the Court. On the basis of the warrant of arrest, the Court may request the provisional arrest or the arrest and surrender of the person under Part 9. The Prosecutor may request the Pre-Trial Chamber to amend the warrant of arrest by modifying or adding to the crimes specified therein. The Pre-Trial Chamber shall so amend the warrant if it is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person committed the modified or additional crimes. As an alternative to seeking a warrant of arrest, the Prosecutor may submit an application requesting that the Pre-Trial Chamber issue a summons for the person to appear. The summons shall contain: (a) the name of the person and any other relevant identifying information; (b) the specified date on which the person is to appear; (c) A specific reference to the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court which the person is alleged to have committed; and (d) A concise statement of the facts which are alleged to constitute the crime.
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To b a c c o I n d u s t r y M e d i a E f f o r t s Advertisement from the Oklahoma Vote No on Question 713 campaign Advertisement from Montana veterans gastritis symptoms images buy reglan 10mg on-line, taxpayers granulomatous gastritis symptoms generic 10 mg reglan free shipping, and tobacco retailers chronic gastritis flare up purchase 10mg reglan visa, wholesalers gastritis diet v8 purchase reglan online from canada, and manufacturers against Initiative 149 campaign the measure, the tobacco industry decided not to oppose the initiative. By election day, the tobacco industry had spent $112,000 to defeat Amendment 35 compared with $2. This media approach, again, was lower profile than the high-profile television advertisements used in 2004 in California, Massachusetts, and Oklahoma. Consider the Consequences Anti-Initiative 149 advertisement themes Would create big government and an unfair tax increase and discriminate against smokers Unfair tax, would cause crime and smuggling, discriminates against smokers, and would not solve state budget problems Table 14. The primary themes of the media campaign were that the measure would create an unfair tax increase, lead to wasteful government spending, divert tobacco control funding to hospital interests, cause crime and smuggling, and allow hospitals to waive antitrust laws and escape civil and criminal penalties (table 14. The primary themes of the media campaign were that the measure would create an unfair tax increase and divert funding to state programs not related to tobacco control (table 14. The most widely used themes were that the measures would divert funds from the stated purpose of the proposal such as health care or antitobacco programs and would impose an unfair tax increase. When assessed as a whole, these themes formed two major parts of an overall frame of the campaign. The second part was that tobacco tax initiatives were inappropriate because the government is unable (compared with the market) to solve societal problems. A numerical summary of the three ballot measures in Colorado, Montana, and Oklahoma in 2004 and in California and Missouri in 2006 indicates the predominant themes were that these measures would divert funds from the stated purpose of the measure and impose an unfair tax increase (table 14. This was followed by a subtheme that the measure would increase big and wasteful government. Less numerous themes included that these measures would discriminate against smokers, increase crime, be a tax cut for the rich, and impede economic growth. Again, when assessed as a whole, these themes in the later campaigns were identical to the themes used in the early state tobacco tax initiatives. Summary State initiatives and referenda are an effective way to implement tobacco control legislation in general and tobacco tax increases in particular. This is particularly true for legislation that cannot be effectively passed by using the regular state legislative process. The range of ballot measures profiled here shows that media efforts and expenditures by the tobacco industry vary and are influenced by perceptions of the level of popular support for the measures. Moreover, state tobacco tax initiatives and referenda frequently have succeeded, even 591 1 4. To b a c c o I n d u s t r y M e d i a E f f o r t s in situations in which the tobacco industry spent considerably more than initiative proponents. These results indicate that the fundamental frames that the tobacco industry uses have had limited success in connecting with voters, compared with the benefits conveyed by these measures. Tobacco industry interests frequently have used media channels (such as radio, television, print media, and direct mail) to defeat these ballot measures. Tobacco control and direct democracy in Dade County, Florida: Future implications for health advocates. Tobacco Institute lobbying at the state and local levels of government in the 1990s. States with direct and indirect initiative amendments: Direct and indirect initiative statutes. Big Tobacco counters bans with less-strict proposals; Ballots show choice: Limit smoking a lot or limit it a little. Question 1 tobacco education outlays: From the 1994 fiscal year to the 1996 fiscal year. Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease. State Question 713, Legislative Referendum 336: General election, November 2, 2004. From industry dominance to legislative progress: the political and public health struggle of tobacco control in Oklahoma.
This question alone should be a topic of current thinking and research among archaeologists and planners gastritis symptoms hemorrhage discount reglan 10mg with visa. My starting point in thinking about salvage archaeology has been the philosophy espoused by Jesse D gastritis diet ������� cheap reglan express. He wrote: the operations envisioned under the Upper Colorado River Basin Project (Glen Canyon Project)-or any other salvage work-constitute a very special kind of archaeological work gastritis triggers buy reglan 10 mg overnight delivery. The project differs in many important ways from any other archaeological project most of the staff members will ever have participated in hcg diet gastritis buy 10 mg reglan mastercard. It is distinct in that it is not a problem study but is an area study, an area defined by law. It is impossible for the technical staff to concentrate work on one problem, or one time period, or in some special aspect of a problem or time period. Total recovery is the objective: this means total sampling of all cultures, and all time periods to be found in the area. Additionally, since time is the crucial factor, there will be constant compromise with the time element itself; standards of work and excavation techniques must be adjusted to the pressure of time. A steady flow of increasingly competent publications will benefit the discipline and at the same time be of cumulative benefit to the project supervisors and other specialists who are writing the reports. The approach to reporting, for the life of the project, will be this: Work unreported is essentially work not yet finished [pp. A central problem, as Jennings recognized, was how the archaeologist is to make intellectual contributions to the field of archaeology within the constraints of the salvage format. Not only must the salvage archaeologist produce reports regarded by the profession as currently useful, but he must make observations and collections that will be useful to future generations of archaeologists. Since the body of sites he has been charged to investigate are being destroyed, his records and collections will have to serve as surrogates for these sites in the future. If these data are to function as resources for the future, they will have to meet the data needs of new research problems unthought of today. At least, this will be the case if our discipline continues to evolve, which is our fond hope. As Jennings also recognized, in seeking to investigate a site or set of sites that is to be destroyed, the salvage archaeologist will almost never be able to apply his most intensive data collection techniques to the whole body of archaeological remains he is charged with studying. It seems to me highly unlikely that we will ever be in a position to fully excavate every threatened site, using the full battery of data recovery techniques available at the time the work is undertaken. Society is not going to support this type of investment in archaeology (unless in some way archaeology comes to be generally recognized as critical for national defense, and I am not prepared to develop the arguments for this position). Hence, we shall always have to settle for only part of the cake insofar as intensive excavation is concerned. It seems to me that the salvage archaeologist, in seeking to maximize the return on these objectives, might rely on the following devices: primary problem orientation, collection of representative samples of data relevant to other types of problems, increased use of intensive surface survey techniques in addition to excavation, application of a regional frame of reference, provision for indefinite storage of records and collections, and direct site protection techniques. Furthermore, as the problem orientations, data requirements, and data recovery techniques of the field evolve, some ways will have to be found to maintain congruence between the expectations of the contract-granting firms and agencies, on the one hand, and of the archaeological profession, on the other, with respect to what constitutes an adequate standard of salvage work. Primary Problem Orientation the expenditure of large sums of money by society for the conduct of salvage archaeology is justified by the fact that at least some segments of society perceive archaeological remains themselves and the information derived from their study as being of some value. Salvage archaeology is therefore justified to the extent that it yields new information, not only by bringing forth new artifacts and exposing features long buried, but also by providing new and more satisfactory explanations of its subject phenomena. Like other disciplines, archaeology is healthy only to the extent that it continues to evolve new and more satisfactory approaches to explanation. All archaeologists, whether involved in academic or salvage research, thus have a responsibility to try to make real contributions to their discipline and hence to its continued evolution and health. Furthermore, if we include surficial study and testing of threatened sites as well as actual excavation, salvage work comprises a large proportion of all archaeological fieldwork in the United States. If salvage archaeologists do not stay intellectually alive, if they are not producing articles and books eagerly awaited and debated by their peers, if their segment of the field stagnates, then the whole field is in trouble. Jennings, in the paper cited in this chapter, argued that the salvage archaeologist should collect data useful in as many types of problem-oriented approaches as possible but that the salvage archaeologist should eschew heavy involvement in specialized problem orientations of his own. I say this because I believe that the nature of salvage archaeology itself provides conditions in which research may come to be done by rote and that a primary problem orientation is an antidote. It is, of course, also possible for the academic research segment of the field to become intellectually irrelevant as well, but I think the danger is at least theoretically greater in salvage work for three reasons. First, academic research is usually justified in terms of some particular problem or problems of recognized importance in the field.
