Zantac

"300 mg zantac fast delivery, gastritis main symptoms".

By: L. Akrabor, M.A., M.D., M.P.H.

Program Director, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine

The immune system has evolved mechanisms of coating the pathogen with a few recognizable ligands gastritis and esophagitis purchase 150mg zantac with amex, which enable the phagocyte to bind to and ingest the pathogen gastritis diet therapy buy zantac without prescription. Table 12-4 provides a selected list of opsonins and the molecules with which they interact gastritis symptoms vs gallbladder generic zantac 150mg overnight delivery. One category is based on the reduction of oxygen and is referred to as "oxidative gastritis diet xenadrine generic zantac 150 mg. Figure125 Leukocytes can "hone in" on various irritants, such as a microorganism, by chemotaxis. Neutrophils exhibit strikingly sensitive chemotaxis and can detect a 1% gradient over the length of its cell body at nanomolar concentrations. Figure126 After neutrophils exit the blood, they must kill the offending pathogens. This process consists of overlapping steps, which are illustrated in this diagram. A,Chemotaxis refers to directed motility that enables the leukocyte to locate its target. C5a is a chemotaxin, which may be generated by any target that activates complement. C, Oxygen reduction requires the presence of oxygen and a certain oxidation-reduction (redox) potential, both of which can vary in the gingival crevice. First, phagocytosis traps the microorganism in the stringent environment of the phagosome. Neutrophils do not require oxygen for energy and can function under anaerobic conditions. Thus, phagocytes also must possess capabilities for the second category of killing mechanisms, the nonoxidative mechanisms. This process involves the movement toward and subsequent membrane fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome, which forms a phagolysosome. Each neutrophil possesses two main types of lysosomes, or granules: specific granules, designed for both extracellular and intraphagolysosomal secretion, and azurophil granules, designed mainly for intraphagolysosomal secretion. Less than 30 seconds after phagocytosis, neutrophils secrete specific granule components into the phagolysosome. Specific granules contain several microbiocidal components, including lysozyme and lactoferrin. Lysozyme is an enzyme that possesses enzymedependent bactericidal activity and enzyme-independent bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Lactoferrin is a bacteriostatic compound that contains a bactericidal peptide domain, lactoferricin. Neutrophils secrete azurophil granule components into the phagolysosome minutes after the secretion of the specific granules. Among the microbicidal compounds are small antimicrobial peptides known as -defensins. These nonoxidative mechanisms of neutrophil killing may be of particular importance in periodontal diseases because of the highly anaerobic conditions in the subgingival environment. In the presence of oxygen, phagocytes additionally possess mechanisms of oxidative killing. The superoxide anion also contributes to the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is capable of diffusing across membranes. Chronic granulomatous disease has been associated inconsistently with aggressive periodontal disease, suggesting that oxidative microbicidal mechanisms are of some importance in periodontal infections. In summary, phagocytosis is of primary importance in the ability of a host to resist or combat infection. Once a pathogenic microorganism is ingested, several mechanisms of killing are possible. Because of the highly anaerobic conditions in the periodontal environment, nonoxidative mechanisms of killing are of particular importance. Figure127 Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes in blood, macrophages in tissues) are closely related to neutrophils. Their activities are similar, and they exhibit chemotaxis (A), phagocytosis (B), and killing (C), similar to neutrophils. Mononuclear phagocytes are particularly adept at processing and presenting antigen to T cells (D), a process that may require more than 20 hours.

Syndromes

• Dilated pupils
• Nervous system problem that causes delayed stomach emptying
• Fatigue
• Endometriosis
• Feeling weak or tired more often than usual, or with exercise
• Death
• Adults: 15 to 41
• Glomerulonephritis, a kidney problem
• Refraction (test for glasses)
• Maintaining an ideal weight

Tyndallisation require following condition (a) 80 C for 3days(20 min) (b) 60 c for 3 days(20 min) (c) 120 C for 3 days(20 min) (d) None Mock Test-ii 1 gastritis diet karbohidrat purchase 300mg zantac. Stratified cork is characteristic of (a) Ergot (b) Senna (c) Cinchona (d) Rauwolfia 125 gastritis symptoms yahoo answers discount zantac 150 mg amex. Precursor for Ethacrynic Acid is (a) 2 gastritis like symptoms generic zantac 150 mg without a prescription,4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid (b) 2 gastritis symptoms how long do they last purchase generic zantac on line,3- dichloro phenoxyacetic acid (c) 3,4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid (d) 2,5- dichloro phenoxyacetic acid 121. Benzofuran ring containg drugs (a) Amiodarone (b) Griseofulvin (c) Frusemide (d) a & b 122. Due to five membered lactone ring present at C-17 the digitalis glycosides respond positively to (a) Borntragers test (b) Keller killani test (c) Libermanns test (d) Zimmermann test Answer Keys 1. A titration in which potential applied across the two electrodes is maintained at a constant value and the current is measured and plotted against volume of titrant is: (a) Potentiometric titration (b) Amperometric titration (c) Displacement titration (d) Conductometric 4. To avod lithium toxicity patient using lithium carbonate for mood disorder should not prescribed (a)Acetazolamide (b) Furosemide (c) mannitol (d) Hydrochlorthiazide 5. Toxic metabolite of paracetamol which cause hepatotoxicity is (a) N-acetyl p-benzoquinone imine (b) N-acetyl p-benzoquinone amine (c) 0-dealkyl acetaminophen (d) all 8. At therapeutic dose metabolism of paracetamol occur by (a) Glucuronide and Glycine (b) Glucuronide and sulphate (c) Glutathione and sulphate (d) none 9. Benorylate is polymeric condensation of (a) Acetyl salicylate ester of B-napthol (b) Acetyl salicylate ester of paracetamol (c) Acetyl salicylate ester of piroxicam (d) none 12. Starting material for ibuprofen is (a) Isobutyl benzene (b) isopropyl benzene (c) isobutyl acetophenone (d) none 13. In the volatile oil of clove, the amount of Eugenol is up to (a) 50% (b) 60 % (c) 75 % (d) 85 % 1. Acid insoluble ash indicates (a) extraneous matter (b) amount of silica present in soil (c) Amount of foreign matter (d) All 23. Kreis test is used for (a) Caffeine (b) presence of deoxy sugar (c) Rancidity of fats and oils (d) Aloes 25. Stratified cork is characteristic of (a) ergot (b) Senna (c) Cinchona (d) Rauwolfia 27. All micronutrients required for plant tissue culture are (a) Organic compounds (b) Combined organic and inorganic material (c) Inorganic elements (d) None 29. In protoplast culture protoplasm is isolated by using (a) Cellulase (b) Macerozyme (c) Both (d) None 31. Plant tissue culture has potential role in all except (a) Secondary metabolite production (b) Biotranformation (c) Genetic mapping (d) Micropropogation 32. Gas chromatography is mainly used for: (a) Quantitative analysis (b) Qualitative analysis (c) O (d) 17. The principle constituent of the volatile oil Pimpenella anisum present upto 90 % is (a) -Terpene (b) Carione (c) Anethole (d) Cymene 18. One of the following is also known as Indian gooseberry (a) Behda (b) Harde (c) Amla (d) Neem 19. Behda consist of dried ripe fruits of Terminalia balerica belongs to family (a) Compositeae (b) Umbelliferae (c) Combritaceae (d) Liliaceae 20. One of the following is having activity against Mycobacterium Laprae (a) Nagod (b) Brahmi (c) Piper (d) Garlic 21. Aleurone grains when treated with Iodine/ ethanol, they will give (a) Blue color (b) Brown color (c) Red color (d) white O M ock T est-iii 1. In gel permeation chromatography, the molecules are separated on the basis of: (a) chemical nature (b) partition coefficient (c) size and shape (d) adsorptive properties 34. Ion exchange chromatography is the method of choice for separation of: (a) Metals (b) Sugars (c) Fatty acids (d) Sterols 36. Correct order of eluent power is (a) Benzene < Ether < Chloroform < ethyl acetate (b) Ether<chloroform<Ethyl acetate< benzene (c) Ethyl acetate< ether< benzene<chloroform (d) chloroform<benzene<ethyl acetate<ether 37. The detector used in gas chromatography is: (a) Bolometer (b) Thermal conductivity detector (c) Golay counter (d) Geiger conter Thermal conductivity detector is best indicator in gas chromatography. In adsorption chromatography, a polar solute tends to be sorbed in: (a) polar phases (b) non polar phases (c) neutral phases (d) amphoteric phases 39. Removal of single electron from a molecule results in the formation of: (a) Metastable ion (c) Molecular ion (b) Fragment ion (d) Rearrangement ion 42. The absorption maximum for polar compounds is usually shifted with the change in polarity of solvent due to: (a) Hydrogen bonding (b) Chemical reaction (c) Ionisation of compound (d) Change in chromophore 45. An electron undergoes a transition from excited singlet state to triplet state and then returns back to the ground state.

The basic ring present in cicloprox is (a) 2-Pyridone (b) 2-Piperidone (c) 2-Pyridine (d) 2-Pyrrolidine 56 gastritis diet ��� buy discount zantac 300mg line. The anti- malarial drug quinine contains (a) Quinoline ring (b) Quinclidine ring (c) Isoquinoline ring (d) Both (a) and (b) 59 gastritis diet ���� discount zantac 150mg otc. Following drugs have a asymmetric centre except (b) Pamaquin (a) Primaquin (c) Quinocide (d) Pentaquin 61 gastritis university of maryland order zantac 150 mg online. Sulfonamides are metabolized by humans principally by (b) Deamination (a) Acetylation (c) Oxidation (d) Conjugation 65 gastritis diet ������ zantac 150 mg with amex. Which sulfonamide after metabolism is converted into sulfapyridine and 5-amino salicylic acid Which sulfonamides produces "Orange yellow color to urine" under alkaline condition Glycobiarsol is used in (a) Antimalarial (b) Anti amoebic (c) Anticancer (d) Antiashtamatic 74. Isoniazid is synthesized from (a) Methyl ester of isonicotinic acid+ hydrazine (b) Methyl ester of nicotinic acid+ hydrazine (c) Methyl ester of is nicotinic acid+ Phenyl hydrazine (d) Methyl ester of is isonicotinic acid+ Methyl hydrazine 78. Inhibits fatty acid synthase I (a) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d (c) 1-c, 2-a, 3-e, 4-d Drugs a. Thiacetazone Myambutol Pyrizinamida Ethionamide (b) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-e (d) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b 80. Monthly eye examination is required with following drug treatment (a) Ethambutol (c) Ethionamide (b) Pyrazinamide (d) Streptomycin 83. Cycloserine is analogue of (a) D-alanine (b) D-serine (c) L-serine (d) L-alanine 85. Orally active phenazine dye is present in (b) Thiacetazone (a) Pyrizinamide (c) Clofazimine (d) Prothionamide 87. The starting material for the synthesis of sulphadiazine is (a) Guanidine + formyl acetic acid (b) Propionitrile + ethyl acetate (c) Guanithidine + formyl acetic acid (d) Propionitrile + formyl acetic acid 91. Which floro quinolone does not contain cycloprpane ring at N-1 position (b) Ciprofloxacin (a) Gatifloxacin (d) Ofloxacin (c) Sparfloxacin 92. Phenoxy methyl penicillin Pent-2-enlypenicillin p-Hydroxy benzylpenicillin Benzly penicillin n-Heptyl penicillin A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1, E-5 A-5, B-4, C-3, D-1, E-2 A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1, E-5 A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1, E-5 99. Clavunic acid has a beta lactam ring fused with (a) Thienyl system (b) Thiadiazole (c) Thiazolidone (d) Oxazolidone 106. Acreloin toxicity is associated with: (a) Cyclophosphamide (b) 6-Mercaptopurin (c) Melphalan (d) Dacarbazine 111. All cytotoxic antibiotic have anthracyclin ring, except (b) Epirubicin (a) Doxorubicin (d) Dactinomycin (c) Iadrubin 116. Indoline-containing moiety present in vinca alkaloid is known as (a) Catranthine (b) Vindoline (c) Vinleuroside (d) Vinrosidin 120. Topically used sulphonamide is (a) Sulphadoxine (b) Sulphamethoxazole (c) Silversulphadiazine (d) Dapsone 127. Sulfasalazine is a prodrug that is activated in the intestine by bacterial enzymes. The enzyme responsible is: (a) Azoreductase (b) Choline esterase m ediCinal Chemistry 3. In cephalosporins, a higher resistance to hydrolysis by -Iactamase is shown when Diloxanide furoate is a furonyl ester of a phenol and it is synthesized starting from (b) p-chlorophenol (a) 0-chlorophenol (c) m-chlorophenol (d) p-aminophenol 143. Which of the following acts directly on the cell membrane of microorganism affecting permeability Amodiaquine is a derivative of (a) 3-Amino quinoline (b) 4-amino quinoline (c) 2-amino quinoline (d) 5-amino quinoline 150. The active metabolite of anticancer cyclophosphamide is (a) (b) (c) (d) N-hydroxy cyclophosphamide N-methyl cyclophosphamide N-acetyl cyclophosphamide N-propyl cyclopqosphide m ediCinal Chemistry 3. C-12 position is a part of the keto-enol tautomer in which of the following systems The cephalosporin antibiotic with a cyanomethyl side chain is (b) Cefadroxil (a) Cephalexin (d) Cephacetrile (c) Cefamandole 171.

Figure3713 Bacteriologic anaerobic culture of the subgingival microflora in a patient with severe periodontitis gastritis gagging best buy for zantac. However gastritis diet ������� cheap zantac 150 mg otc, most of the main putative periodontal pathogens gastritis diet ����� discount zantac 150 mg with amex, including Aa chronic superficial gastritis diet zantac 150mg discount, Pg, Tf, Eikenella corrodens (Ec), and Eubacterium species, are nonmotile, and therefore this technique is unable to identify these species. Microscopy is also unable to differentiate among the various species of Treponema. Comparative studies indicate that the sensitivity of these assays ranges from 82% to 100% for detection of Aa and from 91% to 100% for detection of Pg, with specificity values of 88% to 92% and 87% to 89%, respectively. The suspension is then introduced into the flow cytometer, which separates the bacterial cells into an almost single-cell suspension by means of a laminar flow through a narrow tube. The intensity of the color depends on the concentration of the antigen and is usually read photometrically for optimal quantification. A membrane immunoassay has been adapted for chairside clinical diagnostic use (Evalusite). It involves linkage between the antigen and a membrane-bound antibody to form an immunocomplex that is later revealed through a colorimetric reaction. Evalusite has been designed to detect Aa, Pg, and Pi14,18,125 and found a detection limit of 105 for Aa and 106 for Pg (Figure 37-15). Latex agglutination is a simple immunologic assay based on the binding of protein to latex. Because of their simplicity and rapidity, these assays have great potential for chairside detection of periodontal pathogens. However, these assays have only been tested for research purposes and are not clinically available. In summary, immunologic assays for oral bacteria provide a quantitative or semiquantitative estimate of target microorganisms. These methods have shown a higher sensitivity and specificity than bacterial culturing for the detection of target microorganisms (Aa, Pg, and Tf). These tests also have the advantage of not requiring stringent sampling and transport methodology to ensure bacterial viability. However, immunologic assays are limited to the number of antibodies tested, are not amenable for studying antibiotic susceptibility, and lack the validity of well-controlled clinical studies. EnzymaticMethods Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), the small spirochete Treponema denticola (Td), and Capnocytophaga species share a common enzymatic profile: all have a trypsinlike enzyme. When the hydrolysis takes place, it releases the chromophore -naphthylamide, which turns orange red when a drop of fast garnet is added to the solution. Diagnostic kits have been developed using this reaction for the identification of this bacteria profile in plaque isolates (Perioscan). One of the potential difficulties of this test is that it may be positive at clinically healthy sites, and whether this test can detect sites undergoing periodontal destruction has yet to be proved. Further, because it only detects a very limited number of pathogens, its negative result does not rule out the presence of other important periodontal pathogens. The nucleotide base-pair relationship is so specific that strands cannot anneal unless the respective nucleotide strand sequences are complementary (Figure 37-17). Currently, most of the probes used are oligonucleotides ranging from 20 to 30 nucleotides. However, when tested in clinical specimens, both sensitivity and specificity were reduced significantly, suggesting crossreactivity with unknown bacteria in subgingival plaque samples. The method requires sophisticated laboratory equipment and expertise and is highly specific, and thus this assay has not been generalized for diagnostic purposes. It is particularly applicable, however, for epidemiologic research and ecologic studies because it does not require viable bacteria and allows for the assessment of large number of plaque samples and multiple species.

150 mg zantac with mastercard. How to eat a Pouteria Sapota Chiku Mamey Sapote.