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Phase planes Perhaps the main criticism of angleangle diagrams is that they do not show coordination changes very clearly without painstaking analysis of the patterns mens health february 2013 cheap flomax 0.2 mg, as for the hipknee coupling above prostate cancer walk purchase 0.4 mg flomax with amex. Only the ankleknee coupling of the three joint couplings that we compared between walking and running was qualitatively different topologically between the two modes of gait mens health lunch ideas purchase flomax us. Phase planes prostate cancer watch ful waiting discount flomax 0.4 mg visa, a totally different approach, are based on the notion that any system, such as a body segment, can be graphed as diagrams of two variables; for the phase planes used in human movement analysis, these variables are usually joint angle and angular velocity. As it turns out, although the relevance of a phase-plane for a single joint to coordination between joints may seem hard to fathom, phase planes turn out to be pivotal for our understanding of movement coordination, as will be evident later in this section. As we define flexion as a decrease in joint angle and extension as an increase, then flexion must be from left to right and extension from right to left in Figure 3. Similarly, as we saw in the previous section on time series, a flexion velocity is negative and an extension velocity is positive; so, flexion must be below the horizontal (zero) line in Figure 3. We have proved a contradiction; therefore, our phase planes must progress clockwise with time. If we now subtract the phase angle defined anticlockwise from the right horizontal for one joint from that for a second joint at the same instant, we define a variable known as relative phase. The value then changes gradually to about 180° at touchdown and fluctuates about that value at the start of the stance phase before gradually returning to around 3060° before toe-off. Well, relative phase has been found to be the variable that best expresses coordination changes in a wide range of biological phenomena, including human movement. Examples in human movement include the transitions between walking and running, and bimanual coordination changes. For a further discussion of these and other biological examples of the use of relative phase, see Kelso (1995; Further Reading, page 112). The dashed blue line indicates toe-off and the continuous blue line indicates touchdown. It is also worth noting that phase planes for the hip angle in walking and running are not topologically equivalent (compare Figure 3. However, the knee phase planes for the same running and walking strides are topologically equivalent as they both have two loops, as seen in Figures 3. Of particular interest to some movement analysts, including me, is the variability that we find in coordination patterns such as angleangle diagrams, when even a highly skilled performer repeats a movement this variability is also observed in movement patterns seen as a function of time. Of considerable interest to applied researchers is whether we can accurately and reliably assess such movement variability in competition. To answer this question, some of my colleagues at the University of Otago and I carried out a study to compare the reliability of estimating movement patterns in laboratory and simulated field conditions. Both conditions were recorded using a digital video camera viewing perpendicular to the sagittal plane of the runner in our laboratory, with good participantclothing and clothingbackground contrasts. Although this is not the only difference between laboratory and real field conditions, it is usually the most important one by far. The participant ran five trials in each condition at the same speed on a treadmill with equal rest periods between trials. From each trial, we selected three strides, from toe-off to toe-off, to be digitised this means that a human operator identified each marker on each video frame, effectively manually tracking the markers or estimating the positions of the joints in the nomarker condition. The four human operators then digitised the five no-marker trials on consecutive days. The one of interest to movement analysts is movement variability the variance among trials. The next two sources are due to variability within and among the human operators, respectively known as intraoperator variability and inter-operator variability. The first of these, in our study, was the variance across days and the second that across the four operators. There are other sources of variance from the three two-factor and the one three-factor interactions between our three main factors trials, days and people. The results for the marker and the no-marker conditions are summarised in the pie charts of Figures 3.
The muscles along the spine (iliocostalis dorsi and longissimus dorsi) show tension prostate cancer holistic treatment order generic flomax line, stress points and prostate cancer metastasis to bone buy flomax 0.4 mg low price, occasionally man health and fitness purchase flomax with paypal, inflammation prostate oncology key order 0.2mg flomax with mastercard. Shoulder and hindquarter stress points need to be checked when the horse is involved in jumping or is frequently used for lessons. Often you will find that older school horses show arthritic pain; gentle massage around the arthritic joint will help them feel better. Pleasure Horses Because pleasure horses are ridden by several members of a family, they will experience problems similar to those faced by school horses. Sometimes an irregular schedule can cause extra stress: for example, little riding in winter, a lot of riding in spring, little training during the week, a lot of exercise on the weekend. Since family members are often involved in a variety of activities, a pleasure horse may be expected to participate in jumping or western performance. Even though pleasure horses are versatile, they will develop areas of tenderness as a result of the demands made on them during "fair weather" months, or as a consequence of irregular training schedules and the number of people riding them. A variety of breeds are used for pleasure riding, but those with versatility and a good nature tend to be favored. Problem Areas: the problems of pleasure horses are very much like those of school horses. Sometimes an irregular training schedule, such as several lazy days followed by a sudden burst of exercise, will cause a horse to tie up. The recuperation routine (see chapter 6) is the best course of treatment in this situation. They need to be agile, smooth, and have a lot of strength and 308 Equine Massage stamina. Of paramount importance is that hunters have good manners around hounds and other horses. The most prized and renowned hunters are those bred in Ireland from Irish draft and Thoroughbred stock. In show competition, riders tend to favor warmbloods,Thoroughbreds, and warmblood crosses. For example, in hunting, in which endurance is a factor, fatigue may cause compensation and other stress points to develop. In the show ring, the class a hunter is shown in and the difficulty of the course will be significant factors. To participate in this very competitive discipline, a horse needs agility, balance, control, and power. To clear the heights and the spread of the obstacles, a horse calls on extraordinary strength from his muscles and ligaments. Pay attention to the tendons of the foreleg and pasterns, especially if they are long. Slippery ground may cause a tendon strain because the horse tenses up to avoid a fall. Ground that is very soft or deep makes it difficult for the horse to pick up his feet. As a result, a ligament sprain may occur in the foot structure Areas of Stress Specific to Each Discipline 309 because the joint is required to stretch beyond its regular range of motion. Dressage Horses Dressage horses are trained to perform with elegance and finesse of execution. The nature of the work involved in this discipline requires great muscle control and coordination on the part of the horse. Dressage horses at high levels are disciplined specialists whose muscle development and carriage are quite different from that of comparably advanced hunters, jumpers, or eventers. Today, a high proportion of the horses seen in the dressage arena are German, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish warmbloods, and Andalusians from Spain. However, many Thoroughbreds, Quarter Horses, and a surprising number of Appaloosas do very well at dressage.
Some old mens health hair loss purchase flomax canada, chronic trigger points may need up to 3 minutes before completely releasing prostate cancer 85 years old effective flomax 0.2 mg. Then prostate 90 diet flomax 0.2mg low cost, to further the treatment mens health august 2013 cheap flomax 0.4mg on-line, use light frictions along the length of the whole muscle fiber-or the whole muscle bundle-in which the trigger point was located. As you break down a long-standing buildup of toxins, you must move those toxins into the bloodstream in order to avoid creating a worse condition. Drainage will also bring fresh blood, new oxygen, and nutrients to greatly assist the healing process. The area where the trigger point (or points) was located might be very sore for a few hours or even a day or so. In the meantime, apply effleurages, wringings, and gentle finger frictions or large kneadings daily if possible to increase circulation and assist recovery. If some degree of inflammation is present, use cold hydrotherapy after the treatment to soothe the nerve endings and stimulate circulation. The trigger point technique is used very often as part of the maintenance routine (chapter 6) and in sports massage treatments. You can consider using the trigger point technique as a preventive measure, particularly if the symptoms have just developed during exercise. Lightly exercising your horse (longeing, walk/trot) immediately after this type of work is recommended; it will allow the muscles to recover their full power and function as they were meant to . The Neuromuscular Technique the neuromuscular technique is used to treat hypotonic or hypertonic muscles. As the word "neuromuscular" suggests, the neuromuscular technique works on the sensory nerve cells located in a muscle. There are two types of muscular sensory nerve cells: the Golgi tendon sensory nerve cells and the muscle spindle sensory nerve cells. Both act as reporting stations, providing the central nervous system with information regarding the position of the muscle at any given moment (proprioception) and how much of a workload is being developed by this muscle. Start your technique with light stroking for several seconds to relax and comfort your animal. Weave your moves into effleurages, wringings, and kneadings to stimulate circulation and warm up the area. Massage Techniques 107 the Golgi the Golgi tendon receptors are located in both tendons, origin and insertion, of a muscle. The origin tendon is the muscle part that anchors to the most stable, least movable bone, whereas the insertion tendon attaches the muscle to the movable part, so that during contraction the insertion is brought closer to the origin. The origin tendon is usually stronger and bigger than the insertion tendon because its anchor attachment sustains greater stress, which is responsible for most of the problems found close to the origin tendons. The Golgi tendon sensory nerve cell can be activated manually by massage manipulations, which will either tone or relax the muscle. You have to know the muscle structure well in order to use this technique effectively. After thoroughly warming up the muscle with massage moves, use your thumbs to apply vigorous kneadings (10 to 15 pounds of pressure) on the tendons. For big or deep-seated muscles, you might consider using the elbow technique (up to 20 pounds of pressure). If a strong inflammation is present in the muscle fibers, use cold hydrotherapy (chapter 4) before applying the technique, and then use lighter pressure (5 to 8 pounds) in your kneadings. To tone up a weak muscle, apply pressure on the tendon, firmly stretching the tendons toward the center of the muscle. This action will stretch the sensory nerve cell and send impulses to the central nervous system. It is better to work both tendons simultaneously, but working them alternately will also do. Pressure is firmly applied on the tendons, toward the bone and away from the muscle belly. The Muscle Spindle Very sensitive and complex, the muscle spindle sensory nerve cell coils around the muscle fiber.
Fascial Restrictions-Cross-links the formation of elastocollagenous cross-links within the connective tissue (fascia) is often seen following a trauma androgen hormone vs enzyme order discount flomax, a mechanical irritation man health delivery order flomax with a visa, or inflammation prostate operations for enlarged prostate generic 0.4 mg flomax with visa. These cross-links form restrictions 250 Equine Massage at the nodal points where the various layers of fascia are designed to glide over each other prostate cancer 72 year old flomax 0.4mg without a prescription. This reduces the gliding motion, causing a reduction in the quantity and the quality of motion. Fascia and Muscle Imbalance Sometimes over-training or under-training schedules result in an imbalance in the muscle groups of the horse. This in turn leads to strains or tears, especially during quick acceleration or deceleration movements, or strong pushes. The pain triggered by such strains or tears will affect the entire fascia system, as the animal will compensate in order to avoid the pain and maintain optimal performance. Fascia and Emotional Memory Horses, like humans, have an innate protective mechanism that keeps record of any type of trauma (physical, mental, and nutritional) in order to avoid this trauma again. A change in breathing rhythms or an intense expression in the eyes are very revealing of this condition. Preparation Preparation is crucial as it will insure the good development of your session. Attitude Whenever you apply myofascial massage techniques, it is important to be relaxed. We have a tendency to let our left brain dominate, leading to rationalization and criticism thereby reducing our perceptions. By practicing relaxation, we allow the right brain to dominate, giving us more nonverbal intuition. Consider taking gentle and regular deep breaths; it will help you stay focused, yet relaxed. When you allow both hemispheres Equine Myofascial Massage 251 of your brain to function in harmony, the balance will enhance your perception and effectiveness. First look at your horse globally, comparing the various body parts in relation to each other: note the size, proportion, and alignment. Next, observe any physical restrictions in his various gaits: walk, trot, and canter. Pressure, Contact, and Rhythm Pressure: the pressure used in myofascial release is very gentle. The evolution of myofascial release techniques in many human disciplines has taught us that in order to get the release of fascial restriction we only need to exert a light pressure and/or stretch for a period of time over the area of myofascial restriction. The fluidity of the movements coupled with light pressure allows for a better relaxation of the tissues. During myofascial release you will mostly use pressure starting at 1 pound and building up to 3 to 5 pounds, sometimes 10 to 12, depending on the size of the horse and the location you are working on. Contact: To maximize your hand contact with the fascial layers of your horse, keep your hands flexible at all times, molding them to his body parts. As you always start your contact with light pressure, your hands will give your horse a pleasurable sensation of comfort. Then gently build your pressure to the point where you meet the barrier and wait for release. The comforting touch will relax your horse and help him accept the soreness that is sometimes associated with this process. Then as you progressively release your pressure, the same comforting touch will give your horse a feeling of continuity, ensuring connection and comfort. A gentle, almost slow rhythm of 1 stroke per second is best in between different technique applications. Feedback from the Horse Being able to accurately read the feedback signs your horse gives you during the application of myofascial massage will greatly contribute to the smooth evolution of your work (see chapter 2). Any discomfort will cause him to open his eyes, then tense his lips and move his head up.
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